What will happen to the underground map?

A thing of clarity and beauty ... detail from Harry Beck's 1931 tube map

Might the Oyster card swipe the world-famous London Underground map off the walls of tube stations for ever? From the beginning of 2010, Oyster cards can be used for travel on all public transport services in Greater London including tube trains, buses, trams, suburban trains, the Docklands Light Railway and Thames Clipper river boats. What this revolution in ticketing means is that Londoners and visitors to the capital will be able to travel seamlessly above, below and across the city, as well as out to its farthest-flung suburbs.

Only sensible, but what of the tube map? Designed by Harry Beck, an engineering draftsman with the London Underground's Signals Office, in 1931, this colourful diagram has been part and parcel of London life, whether folded in jacket pockets or pasted across station walls, since it was first published in 1933. Beck himself continued to revise his map until 1960; since then a number of other hands, amateur and professional, have continued to tinker with it.

But, because an Oyster-generation map will need to show all the routes available to card users, the design has become too limited in its scope. Mapmakers have had their work cut out trying to fit all the information into a legible sheet of paper. For years, there have been maps on platform walls of the Overground mixed up with the Underground, yet these are scrappy – even ugly – things in comparison with the classic tube-only map. And although there's no official Oyster map as yet, the current Overground-Underground maps give some clue: it's messy. These maps are hard to look at, especially because they are crudely divided into fare zones marked by grim graphic borders. It looks like an enormous plate of spaghetti dropped on the floor. The interactive map you can find on Transport for London's website is even clumsier.

Terry Farrell's new book, Shaping London, narrates the many different ways that London has been mapped over the years – even including an example of the capital's canal system mocked up to look like Beck's design. This is fun (even rather useful), but also highlights the inevitable tension in mapmaking between the desire to cram in more and more information and the need to keep things clear. Although it's true that maps can be detailed while also being items of lyrical beauty, even those of us who covet our Ordnance Surveys can't pretend that they would be much use for someone trying to make a decision about how to get from Sudbury Town to Catford at the peak of rush hour. Equally, although I've looked far and wide, I haven't found a map from another city anywhere in the world that has yet managed to cram so much choice and information into a single, memorable and easily understood flat image. If you have, please let me (and Transport for London) know.

What the project surely needs is another Harry Beck, someone who can make clear graphic sense of so many routes and different modes of transport. Designing a London Oyster map would make a fine project for schools, design colleges and professional designers. Perhaps the Mayor of London and Transport for London should run a competition and see what they come up with.

What would Beck himself have done? A man of vision as well as courage – and a pragmatist if ever there were one – he might well have recommended something drastic, even iconoclastic: tearing up his own Underground map, and suggesting that we begin again from first principles. No doubt this would be an occasion as emotionally charged as the introduction of decimal currency was nearly 40 years ago, but it might be the only rational thing to do. The walls of Underground and Overground stations from Clock House to Cockfosters, Pontoon Dock to Pinner, wait with the impatience of a regular commuter.

Gaurdian, culture 26/11/09

Underground Maps Various Designs through the years

The cover of a pocket London Underground map from 1908 ...

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... and the inside, showing the city's early Underground network

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Spread out, it offers a list of important destinations – hospitals, principal theatres, hotels and even cemeteries

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A pocket Underground map designed by FH Stingemore (c1930)

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The back of FH Stingemore's Underground map (c1930-2)

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Harry Beck (1903–1974), engineering draftsman with the London Underground’s Signals Office, who designed the first diagrammatic tube map in 1931

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Eureka! Henry Beck's original drawing for the 'diagrammatic' tube map (1931), which sets out routes and stations according to clarity rather than geographical accuracy

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A production version of Beck's pocket Underground map, No 1 (1936)

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Folded out, the back of Beck's first pocket Underground map

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The Great Bear by Simon Patterson (1992). At first glance the work looks like a London tube map, but Patterson subverts the concept of the map by adding his own data to it; in this case, groups of people – from scientists, saints and philosophers to comedians, explorers and footballers

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A more familiar sight ... the current London tube map, issued in September 2004

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... and its reverse side. Gone are the lists of useful destinations; instead, with so many new stations and routes to cover, there is an index and an explanation of symbols

water

Design Literacy summary

Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design. By Steven Heller.

Steven Heller, (born 1950), American art director, journalist, critic, author, and editor who specializes on topics related to graphic design. This article appeared in his book Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design and the intended audience is graphic design students, practitioners and subversive activist groups.

Heller deals with themes like racism, race riots and how television can misconstrue racism to a voyeuristic public.

He highlights the work of New York graphic designer, James Victore and his contribution towards contemporary visual iconography. The most memorable being what he called the Dead Indian and Racism both posters using irony to reflect social misunderstanding of racism and American history in his opinion.

Heller outlines various antiestablishment campaigns that Victore has been associated with through his career and links them to a postmodern theoretical dialect.

The article then moves on to,The Education of a Graphic Designer. by Steven Heller; Searching for a Black Aesthetic in American Graphic Design by Sylvia Harris.

This part of the article is designed to inform the reader of an African American Aesthetic and Sylvia Harris gives an account of her experience as an African American student within the design community. Her style is subjective and she seeks to link performance with self-esteem, indicating that she believes self confidence may be the single most important influence in the lives of African Americans.

To underpin this theory Harris uses as an example the spectacular success of black musicians and the relationship between confidence,

leadership and success. Harris asks whether there maybe a potential design influence that can fuel black designers in a similar way.

She also warns against (through discussion with educators) focusing too much on blackness and so inviting discrimination.

Harris then quotes excerpts from her ongoing search for black influences in American design. Heller uses exstracts from A History of Graphic design by Philip Meggs to link The New Negro movement with Cubisism and Futurist poetry in the 1920’s. The expression of jazz and its motifs being influencial. Ironically he notes the influence of African art on Cubism. In conclusion Heller notes the continuing of black visual traditions through for instance new black media and YSB which continue to give graphic form to contemporary black culture.

By Anthony Wheeldon

Word count: 379

Critical Text Essay Summary

Summary of article: English Language.

By Samantha Lawrie Auburn University

Samantha Lawrie is Associate Professor of Graphic Design at Auburn University. Her article English language appeared in Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education Volume 6 Number 3, and this was

the intended audience.

This article informs the reader of her understanding of the

meaning of what the ‘direct experience’ is, and how it affects Graphic Design and its practitioners thinking in the contemporary world of wasteful consumerism. I would consider this to be an academic article.

Lawrie uses several expert extracts from for example, Eisner, Hollein, Descartes and Merleau-Ponty, to clarify her understanding.

Her argument is that because senses interact and design relays on the visual it is not purely conceptual. She has attempted to apply the teachings of these experts to her own classroom in an effort to apply ‘direct experience’ to educate and inform them through exploration of the real, physical and lived world in contrast to the explanation, information and technological approach.

The works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty are drawn upon to emphasis the, ‘something more’ that is vibrated and resonated through work generated from a willingness to experience through exploring the senses rather than solely from hierarchy and colour. Her belief is that the personal sympathetic touch gives ‘something more’.

Lawrie attempts to deal with issues such as deconstruction, analysis and conceptual development due to the education of her students and goes into great detail to explain the synaesthetic nature of perception and how we have unlearned to see, hear and feel.

Theories that are used to underpin her point of view are, structuralism and poststructuralism.

The pre-occupation with concept due to the experience of communication and language dulls our senses to the surrounding world.

The complexity of culture, language and education are outlined as encouraging linear mathematical thinking, which is in contrast to the life world of creativity.

As a designer and educator Lawries objective is to not only teach the importance of communicating between business and consumer but also between groups of scientists, activists and citizens and other social groups. She stresses the importance of Graphic Designers being mediators between human relationships.

By Anthony Wheeldon

Word count: 339

Bringing Elements Together

A little bit of joviality is here being had by the team "Elephants"

as we celebrate our hard work and progress. The sound recording

is almost complete and Daniel is doing a fine job of researching

and producing a relevant and technically competent piece

of sound to compliment the installation piece. The screen prints

are not exactly how we envisaged them to be but we are aware

of the importance of the "idea" rather than technicalities.

We are quite happy with the progress we are making and are

confident we can present our work by deadline. Some rearrangement

and finalization will take place tomorrow when the sound is

played through a good quality system that will then be

linked up and ready to go. Jane and Donella are happy with

the hard work and effort that they have put in to produce

the claustrophobic part of the installation and we feel sure

it will have the desired affect on the viewer.

Bill Viola Visit New York

'Bodies Of Light'
This is an exhibition we will be visiting in New York very soon! These are some examples of Bill Viola's work. Im very excited about seeing this particular piece, titled Pneuma. It is a video which is 'projected into thee corners of a darkened square space.' I love some of these visuals taken from the video, they have a certain horror quality to them.

For our 'Doorway project,' we have decided on a horror theme. So these visuals are great inspiration for our ideas development, and will defiantly be an effective source to research before and after we visit this exhibition. Cant wait to see this one!

Resident Evil Sound Research

A horror game from back in the day! 'Resident Evil 3 Nemesis.' This game works off suspense, and a great example of this would be the doorways. The doorways play a role of adding anticipation to the game. They are short intervals which allow time for loading the upcoming levels.

As the character interacts with a door, it cuts to these scenes of a doorway opening. It takes you into a 'first person' view, like a simulator.

This is a small compilation i put together, showing the doorway intervals. Looking at how the different doors are expressed, concerning viewpoints, sounds, movements and timing.

Andy Martin

Tues 17th Nov

Today we have been allocated our space for our collaboration project. We have started to display the posters and work out the room. Jane has acquired a large amount of material and herself and Donella are going to work hard on producing the main part of the display with it. Dan an i are going to work on the sound and we will get together to collect our individual research.

This afternoon we had a visiting lecture from illustrator and artist Andy Martin.

Andy visited the college about 18 months ago so i am familiar with his work and his style.

Here are some examples of his

illustrative commissions

Andy was commissioned by a magazine to promote the

change over from analogue to digital and this was his

final illustration for print.

This is a calendar that Andy's work became identifiable

by. A calendar for the millennium in stark contrast to

the regular calendars at this time.

His career has gone from strength to strength and he

is doing much of his commissioning around the world

and in particular in America. He talked about the collaborations

that he has been involved in and showed the film of his

most endearing 'End of the Street', of which he collaborated with

the writer Ian Macmillon. They worked together on this

project in a truelly linear way influencing and responding

to each other through out the process.

You can view this short film on Andy's web site at andy-martin.com

Bill Viola

Born in 1951 in the United States. Lives and works in Los Angeles, USA. Bill Viola; " Nine Attempts to Achieve Immortality", 1996 Video installation with sound

Viola is a pioneer in international video art. He has been active since the early 1970’s and has created a large number of works of various expressions and technical realization; from videotapes and soundscapes to architecturally oriented installations, performances accompanied by electro music, and works created specifically for television. Viola’s interests center on the perception and consciousness of man, the way in which our experiences are engendered and how the mechanisms of our perception and interpretation of our surroundings work and what they look like. Besides the visual aspect, sound is an important element to Viola. Apart from that, many of his works uses his own self and body as a starting point, and the artist himself figures prominently in his works, e.g. the video installation ”Nine Attempts to Achieve Immortality” from 1996. The video is projected from behind onto a screen hanging from the ceiling, and shows the artist in deep concentration, holding his breath until he is about to die from asphyxiation. When he at last breathes out, the sound and reaction comes close to a shock. The work is an excellent example of the precision and apparent simplicity that characterize the works of Viola

Cross Pathway Project, Collaboration – Conclusion

The project required us to collaborate and use the skills we are learning from of individual pathways to influence and produce a piece of work that is titled the

door way.

We initially got together and brainstormed as many ideas we could think of to enable us to produce the best idea that we could all agree would be the right one. We used tutor contact time and mainly chose Ian Parkin to give is input from a fresh perspective

and we found this to be very useful.

We arranged weekly contact with our mentor Christinia Marishell

And informed her of our progress and time management and what

we intended on doing in the week ahead.

We spent most of the first two weeks researching our ideas and we resisted the temptation to jump in and go forward with an idea.

We were fully aware that our idea is just that and that the execution of it was not as important as the idea behind. For example the prints we produced were not as strong as we would have liked but it was the idea that is most important.

When we had agreed and this was a heavily debated concern as we all argued what we felt would be important for the collaboration, we then decided who was to gather what information and how we would progress that aspect of the project.

We all did exactly what we said we would do and this was important and helpful in meeting the deadline and also in our agenda meetings with our mentor as it showed our progress

time management was correct.

We found it particularly pertinent that the artists we researched for example Christian Boltanski, Bill Viola and Andy Warhol would be reflected in our project and that is the main reason we found it helpful to spend two weeks researching their work. We do believe that this is reflected in our final piece.

This has been a successful adventure and we have learned from each other through good communication and sharing the workload. We have produced a blog that chronologically shows our progress through out the project and includes information from the various lectures that were designed to inform us about collaboration and what it involves. Also we have produced a short film that we have included.

We have included as many sensory experiences that we needed and we intend to make the viewer uncomfortable and claustrophobic through sound, touch, feel and sight. This is our work and we have titled it claustrophobia behind closed doors.

christian boltanski

Christian Boltanski is a french painter, sculptor and installation artist.

His artistic work is haunted by the problems of death, memory and loss; he often seeks to memorialize the anonymous and those who have disappeared.

In his preliminary years, Boltanski's paintings were concerned primarily with themes of historical significance. However, by the 1970s, Boltanski removed himself from the painting arena and began his quest for remnants of his own past through selected artworks. These artworks led Boltanski to question the substance he had used when creating his own artworks.

However, this introspectivism supplied him with the motive for other artworks in which non-truths and the realisation of fundamental truths converged. Boltanski reconstructed his own youth in this method. In doing so, Boltanski used a vast spectrum of media.

For example, film, performance, photography and video. It is interesting to note that Boltanski maintained this vision and direction without focusing on the obvious contradiction of his self-understanding as a painter.

Moreover, the combination of varied media is a fundamental part of the spatial dimension which has been the focus of Boltanski's work since the mid-1980's.

Design issues

Design Issues

Article by DK Holland 2001

How graphic Design forms society.

This article is about how the impact of branding influences society.

The theme is to inform visual literate people how branding has

changed the way society views products from their function to beyond functionality and its connection to the human mind.

A brand makes these connections through emotion, thought, feeling,

expectation and association. Brand identity is expressed visually and verbally.

Branding is selling a life style and an association with a way of life.

Although I do not believe that this article is academic, it does provide much theory about branding and the philological buttons it presses within the consumers mind.

The brand speaks to the needs and aspirations of the audience.

A recent phenomenon is the branding of sports star for example Venus Williams and David Beckham their marketing people aware of the brand.

The article buts across a good argument that branding is easy when you can the correct product be it a soup brand or a sports personality.

Successful branding creates sub branding due to trusted image of the original brand.

There are ethical questions about big tobacco and liquor sponsorship also the very ordinary fizzy drink strangle hold worldwide.

The issues dealt with included how large advertising agencies For example Wieden & Kennedy influence the future planning and are responsible for the globalization of some of Americas biggest companies.

I found a particularly interesting part of the article about How 19^th century New York was a centre of commerce influence by many ethnic groups where 18 different languages were spoke.

The environment in this newly democratic country provided an incubator for a new visual language to grow and flourish. (Holland, pp20, 2001)

Indeed through its new migrant businesses and through branding there

Branding a new dynamic had been born.

It is difficult to understand how the most dubious of characters have

Been packaged by branding for example Elvis Presley a notorious womanizer and drug abuser and Barbie whose vital statistics on near on impossible but this is the power of the brand.

This article was informative to the American phenomena that is corporate branding and identity and informative to its development

From its origin to its present day global influence.

Bibliography:

Design Issues, DK Holland, 2001.

Everythinggirl.com

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